Members of the House of Representatives

There are 435 members of the House of Representatives. Federal law, passed on Aug. 8, 1911, determines how many members are in the House of Representatives. That measure raised the number of representatives to 435 from 391 because of population growth in the United States.   The first House of Representatives in 1789 had only 65 members. The number of seats in the House was expanded to 105 members after the 1790 Census, and then to 142 members after the 1800 headcount. The law that set the current number of seats at 435 took effect in 1913. But it isnt the reason the number of representatives has been stuck there. Why There Are 435 Members   Theres really nothing special about that number. Congress regularly increased the number of seats in the House based on the nations population growth from 1790 to 1913, and 435 is the most recent count. The number of seats in the House has not been increased in more than a century, though, even though every 10 years the census shows the population of the United States grows. Why the Number of House Members Hasnt Changed Since 1913 There are still 435 members of the House of Representatives a century later because of the  Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929, which set that number in stone. The Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 was the result of a battle between rural and urban areas of the United States following the 1920 Census. The formula for distributing seats in the House based on population favored urbanized states and penalized smaller rural states at the time, and Congress could not agree on a reapportionment plan. After the 1910 census, when the House grew from 391 members to 433 (two more were added later when Arizona and New Mexico became states), the growth stopped. That’s because the 1920 census indicated that the majority of Americans were concentrating in cities, and nativists, worried about of the power of foreigners, blocked efforts to give them more representatives, wrote Dalton Conley, a professor of sociology, medicine and public policy at New York University, and Jacqueline Stevens, a professor of political science at Northwestern University. So, instead, Congress passed the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 and sealed the number of House members at the level established after the 1910 census, 435. Number of House Members Per State Unlike the U.S. Senate, which consists of two members from each state, the geographic makeup of the House is determined by the population of each state. The only stipulation spelled out in the U.S. Constitution comes in Article I, Section 2, which guarantees each state, territory or district at least one representative. The Constitution also states that there can be no more than one representative in the House for every 30,000 citizens. The number of representatives each state gets in the House of Representatives is based on population. That process, known as reapportionment, occurs every 10 years after the decennial population count conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Rep. William B. Bankhead of Alabama, an opponent of the legislation, called the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 an abdication and surrender of vital fundamental powers. One of the functions of Congress, which created the census, was to adjust the number of seats in Congress to reflect the number of people living in the United States, he said. Arguments for Expanding the Number of House Members Advocates  for increasing the number of seats in the House say such a move would increase the quality of representation by reducing the number of constituents each lawmaker represents. Each House member now represents about 700,000 people. The group ThirtyThousand.org argues that the framers of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights never intended for the population of each congressional district to exceed 50,000 or 60,000. The principle of proportionally equitable representation has been abandoned, the group argues. Another argument for increasing the size of the House is that is would diminish the influence of lobbyists. That line of reasoning assumes that lawmakers would be more closely connected to their constituents and therefore less likely to listen to special interests. Arguments Against Expanding the Number of House Members Advocates for shrinking the size of the House of Representatives often argue that the quality of legislating improves because House members would get to know each other on a more personal level. They also cite the cost of paying for salaries, benefits, and travel for not only the lawmakers but their staffs.

Ancient Aliens Essay examples - 1235 Words

There is a popular belief that aliens walked the Earth in ancient times, and these theories have created quite a stir in the scientific community. Ancient alien theorists, like Erich von Daniken and Zecharia Sitchin, believe that extraterrestrials came to earth thousands of years ago. Some hypothesize that ancient aliens are responsible for ancient technological wonders, and that they helped to shape human civilization. Furthermore, the belief that ancient gods were in fact aliens, misinterpreted as gods by the ancient people. As it turns out, there is quite a bit of evidence to support some of these ancient alien theories. However, it is all subject to interpretation, as it has not been validated. Evidence used to support the ancient†¦show more content†¦Erich Von Daniken’s theories have been rejected by the scientific community, and some of his early claims have even been proven fraudulent. However, Von Daniken continues on his quest to prove his theories, and dur ing an interview with Florida Today he said, â€Å"Even if someone could find an object definitely not of this planet, and they could give it to the scientific communities, Im sure it would take much too long for this society to accept that something extraterrestrial exists. I have started something. There are 56 million copies of my books worldwide. But now it is not just Erich Von Daniken. It is others, many others, as well. You cannot kill the idea anymore, never.† Zecharia Sitchin is the author of fourteen works that reference his ancient alien hypothesis. His theories are based on translations of ancient Sumerian texts, and according to him, coincide with many other biblical texts. Sitchin theorizes that there was once another planet in our solar system called Nibiru, which he wrote about in his book The 12th Planet. He believed that Nibiru was the home of an advanced civilization, which the Sumerians called the Annunaki, and are referred to as the Nephilum in the Book of Genesis. According to Sitchin, the Annunaki came to earth to mine for gold and other minerals some 450,000 years ago, and genetically engineered the human race as slaves. Sitchin’s theories have been widely criticized; some arguing that he is unable to separate fact fromShow MoreRelatedAncient Aliens and Ancient Astronaut Theory1672 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Aliens and Ancient Astronaut Theory Mark P. Robertson Educational Planning Course â€Å"Critical Issue Project† Empire State College Mary Ellen Shaughnessy June 17, 2011 There has been a lot of commotion lately between both the scientific and religious communities in regards to this topic. The claims of Intelligent Extraterrestrial Life visiting the Earth in ancient times and profoundly affecting the development of Human civilization, isRead MoreA Psychoanalysis on Ridley Scott’s Alien†1443 Words   |  6 PagesA Psychoanalysis on Ridley Scott’s Alien In 1923 Sigmund Freud noticed the clash within thought and mental processes which led him to identify three parts of our psyche. He referred to these as the Id, Ego and the Superego. The Id is ‘the primitive, unconscious basis of the psyche, dominated by primary urges’ *. It comes from the initial instinct to satisfy our needs and desires what can be known as the pleasure principle. The uncontrollable repressed part of our psyche, for example a newborn childRead MoreIllegal Immigration598 Words   |  3 Pagesl ARTICLE ON ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Migration has always represented an important factor in society’s development. 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At the time, alien abduction was defined as the forced removal of a person from his /her physical location to another place. It may include an altered state of awareness for the purpose of physical, surgical or psychological proceduresRead MoreAliens Built the Pyramids713 Words   |  3 PagesAliens built the Egyptian pyramids. Recent research supports the theory that the Pyramids were built long before humans inhabited the area now known as Egypt. It is also nearly impossible for the Egyptians to have lifted and moved the limestone brick used to build these massive structures. Only a more advanced form of life could have constructed such an enormous undertaking, while using advanced mathematics and geography that were not yet known to ancient peoples. Archeologists suggest thatRead MoreThe Divine Number696 Words   |  3 PagesAmong all religions, all nations, and all cultures, one unique character is shared. Whether it be engraved within the ancient grounds of Ireland, where tombs are covered in trinomial swirls, or the works of the famous mathematician Pythagoras, who discovered the most simple and most perfect complete polygon, the number three is used everywhere. The importance of this digit can be found in many places, including our religious beliefs, our world’s history, and even in modern day mysteries. EveryoneRead MoreAre Aliens Visited The Earth?953 Words   |  4 PagesHave Aliens Visited the Earth? Have alien beings been visiting our planet for thousands of years? There are many skeptics out there who would say no, but if one was to look more closely at history how else would they explain some of it s weird mysteries. There are ancient drawling, paintings, carvings and other records recording strange beings from space visiting Earth thousands of years ago. In the 1880s there were reports of strange airships flying in the sky before planes wereRead MoreAliens Built the Pyramids723 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Aliens built the Egyptian pyramids. Recent research supports the theory that the Pyramids were built long before humans inhabited the area now known as Egypt. It is also nearly impossible for the Egyptians to have lifted and moved the limestone brick used to build these massive structures. Only a more advanced form of life could have constructed such an enormous undertaking, while using advanced mathematics and geography that were not yet k nown to ancient peoples. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Archeologists

Better Help For Smokers To Quit Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Better Help For Smokers To Quit. Answer: Health studies: Better Help for Smokers to Quit Smoking is an addictive act and it is one of the largest causes of preventable deaths in New Zealand. Smoking affects both the smokers and those who surround them also known as the passive smokers. Smoking, however, has affected the quality life of individuals leading to the death of approximately 5000 people every year. Smoking increases the chances of developing chronic diseases such as heart diseases and lung infections, tuberculosis, and also cancer. And this, on the other hand, has led to the increase of funds that the government is spending on health care. According to Ministry of health statistics, 65 % of smokers in New Zealand wish they did not start smoking while 60% have tried to quit smoking but failed (Carr, 2004). The government of New Zealand is tremendously working hard to ensure that smokers either quit or reduce their smoking habits as a way of improving their health and wellbeing. The government introduced the health initiative of Better Help for Smokers to Quit in 2009 as an indication of its commitment to help to have a free smoking environment. The government also ensured that 80% of the individuals who visit the healthcare institutions and identified as smokers will have free treatment and necessary information to help them in their recovery (Crisp et al, 2012). 95% of the smokers who are hospitalized receive adequate medication and treatment and support from the government throughout their treatment to help them stop the smoking habit. The success of this approach is extended to primary health care whereby individuals who visit the hospitals are given support and advice that would help understand the effects of smoking and the importance of stopping smoking. The initiative is directed to achieving its goals as of 2011. The effort of the government adds up to the efforts to improve the availability of therapies that support the cessation of smoking. The practice is important because it is encouraging and most of the smokers have either reduced or even quite the habit. Smokers who are managing their habits or who have quit smoking have a low risk of getting chronic diseases and even premature deaths. This proposal is important because there is strong evidence that just a simple advice from health professionals is effective in encouraging individuals to quit smoking. According to the researcher (Tappin, 2005), one in every 40 smokers will make an attempt to quit after receiving advice from professionals. Most smokers always wish to quite but they dont know how to, but a single advice from these practitioners could help them make a U-turn and quit their smoking habits. Background This proposal targets smokers and offers them alternative or rather remedies that can help them manage their smoking habit and eventually quit in order to reduce the premature mortality rate. The initiative is also meant to help reduce the number of chronic diseases that are likely to affect smokers. The doctors, nurses and other health professionals are to make it a routine to ask the people whether they smoke (Hammond al, 2004). The government in association with Ministry of Health has introduced the initiative as a way of improving health care among the young people and the old within New Zealand and the citizens of Bay of Plenty in ensuring that they are free from diseases associated with smoking (Acton, 2012). The health professionals also provide cessation treatment to smokers who wish to stop smoking and a follow up on the individuals to ensure that they get any assistance that they may need. The smokers who are already registered in the system have different dates that they n eed to check up in the hospitals so that the professionals can check on their progress and give them a way forward. The doctors will also ensure that they engage the smokers in healthy practices that will help them lack the chance of smoking and introduce them to other activities to keep them busy hence reducing their chances of smoking (Miller Sedivy, 2009). The health initiative is an important step by the government in improving the healthcare of smokers and their families and this in return is an achievement to the whole community and also as a country. The initiative is meant to better the lives of the citizens of New Zealand to improve their level of productivity as individuals in the society. According to (Fagerstrm et al, 2006) the lives of the individuals who smoke is important as well and helping them to stop smoking is something vital. This initiative should be able to help save the lives of more than 4000 people who die annually due to smoking-related complications (Rollnick et al, 2008). In order for the initiative to be achieved, holistic approach is important, because affecting change involves the whole community and therefore, a public awareness campaign is important to spreading information across the board to make sure that all citizens are aware of the initiative. However, the widespread intervention of the quit smoking initiative has increased the number of the individual seeking intervention from 0 to 83 (B. P. U. 2015). The initiative will help improve the lives of those affected and hence improve their family life styles. Proposal Details The proposal is a long-term process that expects to achieve its short-term and long-term goals within its time frame. The purpose of the initiative however, is to help improve the healthcare and wellbeing of the citizens of NZ and Bay of Plenty by ensuring that those identified as smokers are encouraged to quit smoking and treated or advised accordingly. The data below compares Bay of Plenty (BOP) and New Zealand (NZ) popularity rates of smoking in different age groups as per the census (2013). AGE BOP NZ 15-19 13.4% 10.4% 20-24 28.5% 21.4% 25-29 27.3% 19.3% 30-34 23.9% 19.3% 35-39 21.4% 17.8% 40-44 21.2% 18.1% 45-49 19.7% 17.0% 50-54 19.2% 17.0% 55-59 15.6% 14.5% 60-64 11.8% 11.7% 65-69 9.5% 9.8% 70-74 6.3% 7.0% 75-79 4.6% 4.9% 80-84 2.8% 3.5% 85+ 1.9% 2.2% This data clearly indicates the rate of smoking in BOP compared to NZ, according to the above data, the rate of smoking in the Bay of Plenty is relatively high compared to that of NZ. Tobacco Control Action Plan 2015-2018, is an extensive action for the Better Help for Smokers to Quit. This Action Plan is directed specifically to the Maori and the Pacific who forms up the BOP because of their high rate of smoking which is a threat to their wellbeing and health. It is identified that the high rates of smoking among the BOP has put them at risk of chronic diseases, for example, cancer among others. Smoking in BOP is spread the entire way from an early age of 15 all the way to 85 years plus. Smoking-related diseases cost a lot to the government (Lancaster, 2000). Better Help for Smoker to Quite is an initiative that is put in place to help reduce the costs that the government spends on treating these ailments. The initiative includes giving the healthcare staff questionnaires to help in identifying the smokers and finding a way to help them reduce their smoking habits and even quit. This system helps in creating a conducive environment for individuals and the medical personnel. The initiative is based on motivation and providing a solution to the target group during their visit to the health cares. This is a free service offered to all the patients who visit the health care and identify themselves as smokers. The healthcare and their entire staff are the major drivers of the campaign to promote a free smoking environment in the NZ but especially within the BOP (Tong et al, 2006). The initiative has so far achieved its primary target, and its currently on the secondary target which is on a weekly monitoring by the Ministry. The hospital has mobilized resources for the staff, midwives, and patients to ensure that they both achieve the goals of developing a free smoking society. According to the data provided by the Ministry of Health, the number of patients receiving advice and treatment has increased and this will increase the number of individuals who quit the practice. The action will help ensure that the practice upon the women smokers is stopped completely. Conclusion Smoking has led to a high rate of mortality among the people of New Zealand and especially those from BOP. The initiative has positively helped a couple of people either to manage or even stop smoking completely. However, according to the Ministry of health, the initiative is ongoing and there are different strategic plans and actions that are included in the initiative to make sure that the initiative achieves its course in reducing the rates of smokers and encouraging an environment that is a free smoking zone. This has also helped in reducing the risks of contracting chronic diseases among the smokers which could lead to mortality among the young and the old. The government has been and still is very optimistic about reducing the rates of smoking by putting all measures in place for example adequate resources to encourage the initiative to achieve its course. References Acton, Q. A. (2012). Chronic periodontitis: New insights for the healthcare professional.Atlanta: Scholarly Editions(2015). New Zealand investment and business guide: Strategic and practical information. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa. Crisp, J., Taylor, C., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G. (2012). Potter Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing - AUS Version. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Carr, A. (2004). The easy way to stop smoking. New York: Sterling. Fagerstrm, K. O., Kunze, M., Schoberberger, R., Breslau, N., Hughes, J. R., Hurt, R. D., Zato?ski, W. (2006). Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: comparisons among countries and categories of smokers. Tobacco control, 5(1), 52-56. Hammond, D., McDonald, P. W., Fong, G. T., Borland, R. (2004). Do smokers know how to quit? Knowledge and perceived effectiveness of cessation assistance as predictors of cessation behaviour. Addiction, 99(8), 1042-1048. LaCroix, A. Z., Omenn, G. S. (2002). Older adults and smoking. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 8(1), 69-87. Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Silagy, C., Sowden, A. (2000). Regular review: Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 321(7257), 355. Miller, C. L., Sedivy, V. (2009). Using a quitline plus low-cost nicotine replacement therapy to help disadvantaged smokers to quit. Tobacco control, 18(2), 144-149. Rollnick, S. Miller, W. R., Butler, C. (2008). Motivational interviewing in health care:Helping patients change behavior. New York: Guilford Press. Top of Form Tappin, D. M., Lumsden, M. A., Gilmour, W. H., Crawford, F., McIntyre, D., Stone, D. H,-.. Mohammed, E. (2005). Randomized controlled trial of home based motivational interviewing by midwives to help pregnant smokers quit or cut down. BMJ, 331(7513), 373-377. Tong, E. K., Ong, M. K., Vittinghoff, E., Prez-Stable, E. J. (2006). Nondaily smokers should be asked and advised to quit. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 30(1), 23-30.

John Deere Steel Plow Essay Example

John Deere Steel Plow Paper We chose our topic, the Cast-Steel Plow by John Deere because we all live or have lived on a farm in some period of time and found it would be interesting topic to learn more about the cast-steel plow. We thought that since we have used some type of plow we wanted to know more about it and how it was invented. We found most of our research in books like John Deere’s Company: A History of John Deere And Company and its times, also John Deere Tractors and Equipment. We have contacted John Deere’s Company in Illinois, Living History Farms in Urbandale, and Pomery Living History Farms in Washington. Also more information from Deere. com, and also facts from our American History books. How we chose our presentation category was how all three of us were more familiar with creating good boards and thought that if we could all think about our topic together so we could get a lot more information about our topic, and wanted to come up with a good idea for our board. Our project relates to the NHD theme because the steel plow was a meaningful product to farmers of the 1800s. The John Deere Steel Plow changed history forever since the land was much too rich. The Cast-Iron Plow could only go for a couple of feet and then the farmers would have to scrape off the sod. The steel plow made it easier for the farmers of the 1800s to push and also farmers could plow more acreage then a cast-iron plow. The John Deere cast-steel plow impacted the farmers back in the 1800s and it affects us now in farming. It makes everything easier, now then it has ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on John Deere Steel Plow specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Deere Steel Plow specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Deere Steel Plow specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer